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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0;"><a href="Self" title="Self">The Self</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Constructs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">Self-knowledge (psychology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-schema" title="Self-schema">Self-schema</a></li>

<li><a href="Personality" title="Personality">Personality</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Neural basis of self</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-categorization_theory" title="Self-categorization theory">Self-categorization theory</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">Self-perception theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">Self-consciousness</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Value judgment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li>

<li><a href="True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

As applied to activities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Self-assessment" title="Self-assessment">Self-assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">Self-efficacy</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Interpersonal</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">Self-disclosure</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">Self-concealment</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Social</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity (philosophy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;">

Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a> / <a href="Respectability_politics" title="Respectability politics">Respectability politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_identity" title="Political identity">Political identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">Right to personal identity</a></li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Self-reflection</b> is the ability to witness and evaluate one's own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes. In <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, other terms used for this <a href="Self-observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-observation">self-observation</a> include "reflective awareness" and "reflective consciousness", which originate from the work of <a href="William_James" title="William James">William James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Self-reflection depends upon a range of functions, including <a href="Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a> and <a href="Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a>, which develop from infancy through adolescence, affecting how individuals interact with others, and make decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Self-reflection is related to the <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of consciousness, the topic of <a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>, and the <a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The concept of self-reflection is ancient. More than 3,000 years ago, "<a href="Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a>" was the first of three <a href="Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a> inscribed in the forecourt of the <a href="Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo at Delphi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also considered a form of thought that generates new meaning<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an opportunity to engage with what seemingly appears incongruous.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_writings">Early writings</h3></div>

<p>Notions about the status of humanity may be revealed by the <a href="Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of ancient words for humans. <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>homo</i> (<a href="Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> <i>*dʰǵʰm̥mō</i>) means "of the earth, earthling", probably in opposition to "celestial" beings. <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἂνθρωπος</span></span> (<a href="Mycenaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean language">mycenaean</a> <i>*Anthropos</i>) means "low-eyed", again probably contrasting with a divine perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>From the <a href="3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">third-millennium</a> <a href="Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a>, <a href="Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> in an eternal afterlife of the human <a href="Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">ka</a> is documented along with the notion that the actions of a person would be assessed to determine the quality of that existence. A claim of dominance of humanity alongside radical <a href="Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a> because of the frailty and brevity of human <a href="Life" title="Life">life</a> is asserted in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <a href="Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:28, where dominion of humans is promised, but contrarily, King Solomon who is the alleged author of <a href="Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> according to <a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic tradition</a>, bewails the vanity of all human effort.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div>

<p><a href="Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> made the famous claim that humans are "the measure of all things; of what is, that it is; of what is not, that it is not". <a href="Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> advocated the ancient adage for all humans to "<a href="Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a>", and gave the (doubtlessly tongue-in-cheek) definition of humans as, "featherless bipeds" (<a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i>Politicus</i>). <a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> described humans as the "communal animal" (ζῶον πολιτικόν), i.e., emphasizing society-building as a central trait of human nature, and being a <a href="Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">"thought bearer animal"</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζῶον λόγον ἔχον</span></span>, <i>animal rationale</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term that also may have inspired the species taxonomy, <i>Homo sapiens</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div>

<p>The dominant world-view of medieval Europe, as directed by the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, was that human existence is essentially good and created in "original grace", but because of <a href="Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a>, is marred by <a href="Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, and that its aim should be to focus on a beatific vision after <a href="Death" title="Death">death</a>. The term "original grace" is not a phrase directly derived by the Bible, but is used because it reflects the Catholic Church's interpretation of humanity’s initial state before the Fall. According to St. Augustine, the Fall corrupted this "original grace" and therefore the nature of man. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The thirteenth century pope <a href="Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> wrote about the essential misery of earthly existence in his "On the misery of the human condition"—a view that was disputed by, for example, <a href="Giannozzo_Manetti" title="Giannozzo Manetti">Giannozzo Manetti</a> in his treatise "On human dignity".

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></div>

<p>A famous quote of <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> (II, ii, 115–117), expresses the contrast of human physical beauty, intellectual faculty, and ephemeral nature:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving, how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension, how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust?</p></blockquote>

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<i>Selbstbetrachtung</i> (<i>self-reflection</i>)<br>pen and ink drawing by <a href="Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1901</span>)

</div>

<p><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> famously and succinctly proposed: <i><a href="Cogito_ergo_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (French: "<i>Je pense donc je suis</i>"; English: "I think, therefore I am"), not an assessment of humanity, but certainly reflecting a capacity for reasoning as a characteristic of humans, that potentially, could include individual self-reflection.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="The_Age_of_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> was driven by a renewed conviction, that, in the words of <a href="Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, "Man is distinguished above all animals by his self-consciousness, by which he is a 'rational animal'." In conscious opposition to this tradition during the nineteenth century, <a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> defined humans as a "labouring animal" (<i>animal laborans</i>). In the early twentieth century, <a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> dealt a serious blow to <a href="Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> by postulating that, to a large part, human behaviour is controlled by the <a href="Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a>. Freud describes the unconscious mind as the part of the mind containing any repressed images or thoughts too taboo for societal norms. He viewed this part of the mind as essential to the individual as they are restrained primitive impulses and desires.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Conrad uses the analogy of chemistry to describe how the tiniest idea can stimulate a person during reflection like a "little drop precipitating the process of crystallization in a test tube containing a colourless solution".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Mandatory or advisory periods for reflection are built into some regulatory requirements, for example changes to <a href="Divorce_in_England_and_Wales" title="Divorce in England and Wales">divorce law in England and Wales</a> adopted in 2022 prescribe a 20-week period of reflection before certain proceedings are concluded, and the European Union's <a href="Mortgage_Credit_Directive" title="Mortgage Credit Directive">Mortgage Credit Directive</a> allows for a seven-day period of reflection before a <a href="Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> offer needs to be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

<p>Self-reflection is a process of communicating internally with oneself. When one takes time to think about their character or behavior, they analyze the reasons that caused the behavior, where this comes from, what the outcome of the behavior means to them, is it effective for them and what they can do about it. Individuals process this information about themselves to help them find methods to deal with the information gained during the self-reflection process and applying this information to future behavior has been shown to elicit strength and joy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Self-reflection helps people in multiple ways:

</p><p>First, self-reflection fortifies an individual's emotional stability. When setting aside some effort to self-reflect they are looking inwards. This assists with building two parts to their <a href="Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a>: self-awareness and self-concept. <a href="Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a> enables a person to comprehend their feelings, qualities, shortcomings, drives, and objectives, and recognize their effect on others. <a href="Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a> includes the capacity to control or divert their troublesome feelings and motivations and adjust to changing circumstances. Building these skills will improve both their personal and professional life and language learning.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Second, self-reflection enhances a person's <a href="Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> and gives transparency for <a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>. Self-esteem is significant for dealing with a filled, complex life that incorporates meetings, vocation, family, network, and self-necessities. It helps in decision-making, effective communication, and building influence. The more they think about their qualities and how they can grow them the more confident they will be later on. A person may become happy with their good qualities and identify the ones that require growth.

</p><p>Third, the self-reflection process requires honesty from the individual in order to be effective. When a person is honest with themselves when self-reflecting, they are able to understand their experiences; this person can grow and make changes based on what they have learned, leading them to better choices.

</p><p>Fourth, self-reflection adapts a person's actions in future situations. Making time to step back and consider their behaviors, the consequences of those behaviors, and the expectations of those behaviors can give them a source of a clear insight and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person engaging in self-reflection may ask themselves: What appeared to have a more remarkable impact? How can we accomplish a more significant amount of that and enhance it? This cycle of reflection and variation—before, during, and after actions—is a recognized part of the process.

</p><p>Failure often comes from our actions, showing up as mistakes. The positive side is that everyone makes mistakes. These mistakes teach us what to avoid in the future. They allow us to learn through "negative examples" or "errorful learning".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have noted that failures are valuable learning moments because they are temporary. However, we must pause and reflect deliberately to learn from these mistakes truly. This self-reflection is crucial for growth.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_development">Organizational development</h3></div>

<p>Self-reflection is considered to have a significant impact on how organizations achieve their goals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incivility has been found to be the most pernicious outcome when members of a group exhibit a lack of self-reflection, decreasing productivity on average by 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to recent self-awareness research, most people believe that they practice self-reflection, when in fact only 10–15% of people studied actually fit the criteria of consistent self-reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></div>

<p>A study involving clients in a <a href="Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">twelve-step program</a> explored the role of self‑reflection through diary writing, not only as daily therapy, but in a retrospective context. The study concluded that clients who read and reflected on their past diary entries demonstrated increased participation in the treatment program.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twelve-step program is based on self reflection and the accountability of actions past. The article by Mitchell Friedman indicates that success in one's recovery relies on self-reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflective_practice#Gibbs_1988" title="Reflective practice">Gibb's reflective cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Metacognition" title="Metacognition">Metacognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_mindedness" title="Psychological mindedness">Psychological mindedness</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2017" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalfe, Janet (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044022">"Learning from Errors"</a></span>. <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i>. <b>68</b>: <span class="nowrap">465–</span>489. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-010416-044022">10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044022</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27648988">27648988</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2022/03/dont-underestimate-the-power-of-self-reflection">"Don't Underestimate the Power of Self-Reflection"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. 2022-03-04. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012">0017-8012</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://workforcewise.org/incivility-is-on-the-rise/">"Incivility Is On The Rise - WorkforceWise"</a>. <i>workforcewise.org</i>. 2024-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEurich2018" class="citation news cs1">Eurich, Tasha (2018-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2018/01/what-self-awareness-really-is-and-how-to-cultivate-it">"What Self-Awareness Really Is (and How to Cultivate It)"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012">0017-8012</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonZygouris2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stephenson, Geoffrey M.; Zygouris, Nikolaos (February 2007). "Effects of self reflection on engagement in a 12-step addiction treatment programme: A linguistic analysis of diary entries". <i>Addictive Behaviors</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">416–</span>424. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addbeh.2006.05.011">10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.011</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4603">0306-4603</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822620">16822620</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Mitchell (2016-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijtr-2016-0009">"The 12 Steps of Addiction Recovery Programs as an influence on leadership development: a personal narrative"</a>. <i>International Journal for Transformative Research</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijtr-2016-0009">10.1515/ijtr-2016-0009</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2353-5415">2353-5415</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://productive.fish/blog/self-reflection/">How to Self-Reflect</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makingbusinessmatter.co.uk/gibbs-reflective-cycle/">Gibbs Reflective Cycle</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a>

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<li><a href="Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_humanities_field" title="List of people considered a founder in a humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a humanities field</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul>

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